Phalanger download free

The following other wikis use this file: Usage on de. Copyright holder Attribution 4. Structured data Items portrayed in this file depicts. Mountain cuscus. Creative Commons Attribution 4. Hidden category: CC-BY Namespaces File Discussion. Web icon An illustration of a computer application window Wayback Machine Texts icon An illustration of an open book. Books Video icon An illustration of two cells of a film strip. Video Audio icon An illustration of an audio speaker.

Audio Software icon An illustration of a 3. Software Images icon An illustration of two photographs. Images Donate icon An illustration of a heart shape Donate Ellipses icon An illustration of text ellipses. EMBED for wordpress. Oceanic Linguistics, Volume 50, no. All rights reserved. After a brief overview of the biological and archaeological background to members of the bandicoot and cuscus families around New Guinea section 2 , I appraise the data presented by Blust for the marsupials reconstructions section 3.

I show that there are mismatches between the meanings associated with the reconstructed marsupial terms, their distribution across languages, and the distribution of marsupials in space that under- mine the reconstructions. Map 1 presents an overview of the distributions of mem- bers of each family.

Members of the Phalangeridae are very widely distributed throughout the islands east and west of New Guinea Flannery a,b. Various members of the genera Strigocus- cus and Phalanger are found throughout Maluku, extending as far south as Timor. The most westerly occurrence of the family is S. The most easterly occurrences of Phalangeridae are in the Solomon Islands. MAP 1. Most notably, human-sponsored introduction is responsible for the very wide dis- tribution of P.

There is also evidence for human-sponsored intro- duction of several other phalangerids. For instance, S. The existence of distinct species of Spilocuscus in Sulawesi, Sangir, Halmahera, and Aru suggests that these populations are long-established and not the result of human transfer Flannery et al. The Peroryctidae is a distinctive family of marsupials Flannery b.

Several species are scattered through island Melanesia. Skeletal remains and historical reports suggest that this species was until very recently also present on Halmahera Flannery et al.

The remaining four species of peroryctids are each limited to a single island: E. Unlike phalangerids, there is little evidence of human dispersal of peroryctids.

Islands such as Seram, Yapen, Biak, and Aru have distinct species and subspecies that are unlikely to be the result of human-sponsored introduction.

The presence of E. However, it may have simply dispersed naturally Flannery b The only sure case of human-aided dispersal of a peroryctid comes from the Admiralty Islands into which E. Suffice to say, the fact that many of the claimed reflexes show irregular correspondences suggests that they may not be inherited, but may have been attained through borrowing. Watubela and Kesui are dialects of a single language, and are given a single ISO code wah in the Ethnologue Lewis They therefore can only be taken to represent a single data point.

The small number of reflexes and their clustering together in a small area in the west is conspicuously discordant with the very widespread distribution of cuscuses west of New Guinea seen in map 1. TABLE 1. Superscript numbers denote tones. The lan- guages are very closely related with up to 61 percent mutual intelligibility according to the Ethnologue , and Watubela-Kesui speakers typically also speak Geser-Gorom Lewis See section 4 for more discussion of cuscus reconstructions.

In the set, 12 languages are in the region west of New Guinea, nine are located in the region directly northeast of New Guinea, and a further two are in Fiji. West of New Guinea, the data are, however, problematic. Six languages with claimed reflexes in this region do not occur in the area where bandicoots are found.

Blust makes light of the discrepancy MAP 2. Circle: Disputed or unconfirmed reflex. In languages with extensive parallelism such as the Aru languages, it is common for one term in a parallel pair to be acquired through interlanguage or dialect borrowing Grimes Black diamond: Uncertain or unconfirmed meaning.

Of these, two yield no data: i Bima-Sumba languages are spoken in a region where there are no cuscuses, and ii Kowiai has no sources available for it. In the Aru grouping, and possibly also the North Bomberai grouping, innovative terms can be reconstructed. However, so little is known about the history of North Bomberai languages that a tentative reconstruction will not be hazarded here.

TABLE 3. As discussed in 3. In SHWNG languages the conflict appears to have been solved by adopting reflexes of one or the other etymon.

There are several languages for which lexemes with securely identified bandicoot meanings are available for AN languages in eastern Indonesia. Even within these low-level subgroups, there is little evident unity.

For example, within the Aru subgroup there are at least four distinct terms represented in the modern languages. However, this protolexeme has no plausible cognates in other subgroups. The diversity of lexemes presented in table 4 suggests that bandicoot terms were not inherited from a single protolexeme, but rather that they have been innovated on multiple occasions.

This accords with the view that bandicoots were not subject to human transmission as discussed in section 2, and with a recently proposed model of a multipronged AN dispersal across eastern Indonesia Donohue and Grimes By choosing Phalanger, user will be asked to download and install Phalanger Tools. There are no licensing or other changes to Phalanger - the opensource runtime and compiler of PHP language.

Phalanger There are no licensing or other changes to Phalanger - the opensource runtime and compiler of PHP language.